TweetFollow Us on Twitter

Compiling, disassembling and re-assembling .NET binaries

Volume Number: 19 (2003)
Issue Number: 12
Column Tag: Programming

Casting your .NET

Compiling, disassembling and re-assembling .NET binaries

by Andrew Troelsen

Exploring .NET development on Mac OS X

Diving Deeper into the .NET Assembly Format

The previous issue got you up and running with the SSCLI, and introduced you to the basics of the C# compiler (csc) and CLI execution launcher (clix) utilities. In this installment, you will not only come to learn some additional options of csc, but also examine two key development tools (ildasm and ilasm) which any .NET enthusiast must be aware of. Along the way, you will gain a much deeper understanding how a .NET assembly is composed under the hood.

A Review of Assembly Basics

During the course of these first few installments, you have come to learn that the .NET platform supports a high degree of binary reuse, which is made possible using a unit of deployment termed an assembly. Recall that .NET assemblies (which may take an *.exe, *.dll or *.netmodule file extension) are composed of three key elements: CIL code, type metadata and the assembly manifest:

  • Common Intermediate Language (CIL): The true language of the .NET platform. All .NET-aware compilers transform their respective tokens into the syntax of CIL. As noted earlier, CIL code is conceptually similar to Java bytecode in that CIL is platform agnostic. Unlike Java bytecode however, CIL is compiled (not interpreted) on demand by the .NET runtime.

  • Type Metadata: Used to fully describe each and every aspect of a .NET type (class, interface, structure, enum or delegate) referenced by, or defined within, a given assembly. As you get to know the .NET platform, you will quickly discover that type metadata is the glue for every major technology.

  • Manifest: Metadata that describes the assembly itself (version, required external assemblies, copyright information and so forth). As described at a later time, the assembly manifest is a key aspect of the .NET versioning policy.

The good news is that you will never have to author a lick of CIL code, type metadata or manifest information by hand, as it is the job of a .NET compiler to translate your source code into the correct binary format. Given this, you will never need to describe your types manually (as is the case in CORBA IDL) or build C-based wrapper classes to communicate with an underlying protocol. While the .NET platform supports multiple languages and corresponding compilers, few would argue that C# is the language of choice used to build .NET assemblies.

In the last issue, you created a .NET code library (MyLib.dll) and a corresponding .NET client executable (MyClient.exe). While you are free reuse that source code over the course of this issue, Listings 1 and 2 offer a few simple types to manipulate over the pages that follow.

Listing 1: simpleCodeLibrary.cs

// A simple code library containing one class type.
using System;

namespace ShamerLib
{
  public class Shamer
  {
    public static void ShameChild(string kidName, 
      int intensity)
    {
      for(int i = 0; i < intensity; i++)
        Console.WriteLine("Be quiet {0}!!", kidName);
    }
  }
}

Listing 2: simpleClientApplication.cs

// Our client application makes use
// of Shamer.dll (seen in Listing 1).

using System;
using ShamerLib;
namespace ShamerClient
{
  public class TheApp
  {
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
      string kidName;
      int frustrationLevel;
      
              // All .NET arrays derive from System.Array.
              // This class type has a member named Length.
      if(args.Length != 0)
      {
        kidName = args[0];
        frustrationLevel = int.Parse(args[1]);
      }
      else  // No command line args, prompt user. 
      {
        Console.Write("Please enter child's name: ");
        kidName = Console.ReadLine();
        Console.Write("Please enter annoyance level: ");
        frustrationLevel = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
      }
      
      // Pass user input to Shamer type. 
      Shamer.ShameChild(kidName, frustrationLevel);
      Console.WriteLine("Thanks for playing...");
    }
  }
}

The only real point of interest in Listing 2 is the fact that we have provided the ability to process command line arguments via the incoming array of strings. If the caller does supply such arguments, we will use them to assign our local variables (kidName and frustrationLevel). On the other hand, if the user does not supply command line arguments, s/he will be prompted at the Terminal. In either case, once the local variables have been assigned, they are passed into the static ShamerLib.Shamer.ShameChild() method located in the shamer.dll assembly.

Build Details of the C# Compiler

Now that we have some C# source code at our disposal, let's examine select details of the SSCLI C# compiler, csc. The C# compiler (csc) is a command line tool which supports numerous arguments, the full set of which can be viewed by typing the command shown in Listing 3 from an SSCLI-enabled Terminal (see the previous issue for details regarding sourcing the SSCLI environment variables):

Listing 3. Viewing each option of csc.

csc -help

Now, assume you wish to compile simpleCodeLibrary.cs into a single file assembly named shamer.dll. To do so, you need to be aware of the following core commands of csc.exe:

  • /target: Allows you to specify the format of the output file (code library, Terminal application and so on). May be shortened to /t:.

  • /out: Allows you to specify the name of the output file. If omitted, the name of the output file is based on the name of the class which contains the Main() method, or in the case of a class library, the name of the initial input file.

  • /reference: Allows you to specify any external assemblies to reference during the current compilation (may be shortened to /r:).

At it's core, csc processes C# source code files (which by convention take a *.cs file extension) to produce a binary file termed an assembly. Under the SSCLI, csc provides three valid flags that control the target output (Table 1).

Option of /target flag        Short Form       Meaning in Life  
/target:exe                   /t:exe           Generates an executable Terminal assembly with the 
                                               *.exe file extension.   

/target:dll                   /t:dll           Generates a binary code library that may not be 
                                               directly executed by the .NET runtime.  Rather, 
                                               *.dll binaries are loaded by an executing *.exe.  

/target:module                /t:module        This option allows you to build a 'multi-file' 
                                               assembly.  In a nutshell, multi-file assemblies are 
                                               a collection of code library files that are intended 
                                               to be versioned as a single logical unit. This 
                                               particular aspect of .NET will be examined at a 
                                               later time.  

Table 1. Variations of the /target flag

In addition to the /t:exe, /t:dll and /t:module files, the csc compiler of the SSCLI also supplies the /target:winexe flag, which effectively does nothing under the Macintosh operation system (under GUI-aware implementations of the C# compiler, /t:winexe is used to build a GUI-based Windows Forms application).

Of course you will also need to specify the set of input files to be processed. These can be listed individually as discrete arguments, or via the wildcard syntax (e.g., csc *.cs) to instruct csc.exe to compile all C# files in the current directory. However, to build shamer.dll, the following command set will do nicely (Listing 4):

Listing 4. Compiling the Shamer.dll code library.

csc /t:library /out:shamer.dll simpleCodeLibrary.cs

To compile simpleClientApplication.cs into a single file executable assembly that makes use of the types contained within shamer.dll, enter the command shown in Listing 5 (be sure that shamer.dll is in the same location of the input *.cs file):

Listing 5. Compiling the client.exe executable.

csc /t:exe /out:client.exe /r:shamer.dll simpleClientApplication.cs

At this point you are able to run the resulting client.exe application (either with or without command line arguments) using the clix utility (Listing 6).

Listing 6. Executing your .NET example application.

clix client.exe Sally 9

Here we are passing two arguments to the client.exe application. Recall that we have programmed Main() to parse these values out of the incoming array of strings, and therefore the phrase "Be quite Sally!!" will print out nine times. If you run client.exe without specifying any command line arguments, you will be prompted at the Terminal for further input. Do note that the version of Main() is not smart enough to receive these arguments out of order (just to keep focused on the tasks at hand). Given this, if you specify the child's name after the intensity level, you will receive a runtime exception.

Working with C# Response Files

When you work with the C# command line compiler, you are likely to issue the same options during each compilation cycle. For example, assume you have a directory which contains ten *.cs files, of which you wish to compile three of them into a single file .NET class library named MyLib.dll. Furthermore, assume you need to reference various external assemblies for the build (Listing 7):

Listing 7. A non-trivial csc command set.

csc /out:MyLib.dll /t:library /r:System.Xml.dll 
/r:MyCoolLib.dll /r:MyOtherLib.dll firstClass.cs 
otherClass.cs thirdClass.cs 

Clearly, this can become a pain. To help make your Terminal compilations more enjoyable, the C# compiler supports the use of 'response files'. These text files (which by convention take an *.rsp file extension) contain all of the options you wish to pass into csc. Assume you have created a response file (Listing 8) named compilerArgs.rsp (note that comments are denoted with the '#' symbol):

Listing 8. CompilerArgs.rsp.

# compilerArgs.rsp.
# Name of output file. 
/out:MyLib.dll 
# Type of output file. 
/t:library 
# External assemblies to reference. 
/r:System.Xml.dll
/r:MyCoolLib.dll 
/r:MyOtherLib.dll 
# Input files. 
firstClass.cs otherClass.cs thirdClass.cs

Given this, you can now simply pass in the compilerArgs.rsp file as the sole argument to csc.exe via the '@' flag (Listing 9):

Listing 9. Specifying a response file at the command line.

csc @compilerArgs.rsp  

If you wish, you may feed in multiple response files (Listing 10):

Listing 10. csc may be fed in multiple response files.

csc @compilerArgs.rsp @moreArgs.rsp @evenMoreArgs.rsp

Keep in mind however that response files are processed in the order they are encountered; therefore settings in a previous file can be overridden by settings in a later file. Finally, be aware that there is a 'default' response file, csc.rsp, which is automatically processed by csc.exe during each compilation. If you examine the contents of this file (which is located by default under /sscli/build/v1.ppcfstchk.rotor) you will find little more than a set of common assembly references (such as System.dll, System.Xml.dll and so on). In the rare occasion that you wish to disable the inclusion of csc.rsp you may specify the /noconfig flag.

Of course, the C# compiler defines many other options beyond the set we have just examined. Over the life of the series, you'll see additional options at work, however check out /sscli/docs/compilers/csharp.html for all the gory details of the csc utility which ships with the SSCLI.

The Role of the CIL Dissassembler (ildasm)

At this point you should be confident in your ability to build and debug .NET assemblies using csc (of course, C# itself may still be a bit of a mystery, but we'll deal with that soon enough). The next topic to address is the process of getting under the hood of a binary .NET blob and checking out the key ingredients (CIL, type metadata and manifest information). The SSCLI ships with numerous programmer tools to do this very thing, the first of which is the Intermediate Language Disassembler (ildasm). Table 2 lists some of the key options of this (very insightful) utility (see /sscli/docs/tools/ildasm.html for full details).

Option of ildasm            Meaning in Life  

/classlist                  Displays a list of all types within a given .NET assembly.   

/item                       This option allows you to view the disassembly of a specific 
                            type or type member, rather than the entire set of type members.    
                            
/metadata                   Use this flag to view the type metadata within the .NET assembly.    

/output:<filename>          Instructs ildasm to dump the contents to a specified text file, 
                            rather than to the Terminal.   
                            
/visibility                 This flag instructs ildasm to display types of a certain 'visibility' 
                            level. In a nutshell, C# supports the creation of public types (which 
                            may be used by other assemblies) and internal types (which may only 
                            be used by the defining assembly).  The CIL programming language 
                            defines a number of additional visibility modifiers.   

Table 2. Some (but not all) options of ildasm.

To take this tool out for a test drive, let's view the internal structure of the entire client.exe assembly (Listing 11).

Listing 11. Disassembling client.exe via ildasm

ildasm client.exe

Viewing the Assembly Manifest

The first point of interest is the manifest data, which as you recall is metadata that defines the assembly itself (Listing 12).

Listing 12. The manifest data of client.exe

.assembly extern mscorlib
{
  .publickeytoken = (B7 7A 5C 56 19 34 E0 89 )
  .ver 1:0:3300:0
}
.assembly extern shamer
{
  .ver 0:0:0:0
}
.assembly client
{
  ...
  .hash algorithm 0x00008004
  .ver 0:0:0:0
}
.module client.exe
.imagebase 0x00400000
.subsystem 0x00000003
.file alignment 512
.corflags 0x00000001

The critical point here is the use of the .assembly extern directives. These CIL token are used to document the set of external assemblies the current assembly must have to function correctly. Notice that client.exe makes use of the standard mscorlib.dll assembly as well as (surprise, surprise) shamer.dll. Next, notice that the .assembly directive (without the extern attribute) is used to describe basic characteristics of the current assembly (client.exe in this case) such as it's version (.ver) and module name (.module). As mentioned, the .NET runtime reads this information during the process of locating and loading external assemblies for use (exactly how is the topic of a later article).

Viewing the CIL behind Main()

Next, let's examine the CIL code produced by csc for the client's static Main() method (Listing 13). Be aware that each of the IL_XXXX: tokens are line-labels inserted by ildasm.

Listing 13. The CIL of Main().

.method public hidebysig static void 
  Main(string[] args) cil managed
{
  .entrypoint
  .maxstack  2
  .locals init (string V_0, int32 V_1)
  IL_0000:  ldarg.0
  IL_0001:  ldlen
  IL_0002:  conv.i4
  IL_0003:  brfalse.s IL_0014
  IL_0005:  ldarg.0
  IL_0006:  ldc.i4.0
  IL_0007:  ldelem.ref
  IL_0008:  stloc.0
  IL_0009:  ldarg.0
  IL_000a:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_000b:  ldelem.ref
  IL_000c:  call int32 [mscorlib]
    System.Int32::Parse(string)
  IL_0011:  stloc.1
  IL_0012:  br.s IL_0039
  IL_0014:  ldstr "Please enter child's name: "
  IL_0019:  call void [mscorlib]
    System.Console::Write(string)
  IL_001e:  call string [mscorlib]
    System.Console::ReadLine()
  IL_0023:  stloc.0
  IL_0024:  ldstr "Please enter annoyance level: "
  IL_0029:  call void [mscorlib]
    System.Console::Write(string)
  IL_002e:  call string [mscorlib]
    System.Console::ReadLine()
  IL_0033:  call int32 [mscorlib]
    System.Int32::Parse(string)
  IL_0038:  stloc.1
  IL_0039:  ldloc.0
  IL_003a:  ldloc.1
  IL_003b:  call void [shamer]
   ShamerLib.Shamer::ShameChild(string, int32)
  IL_0040:  ldstr "Thanks for playing..."
  IL_0045:  call   void [mscorlib]
    System.Console::WriteLine(string)
  IL_004a:  ret
} // end of method TheApp::Main

Now, before your eyes pop out of your head, let me reiterate that this is not the place to dive into all the details of the syntax of CIL. However, here is a brief explanation of the highlights.

First of all, CIL is an entirely stack based language: values are pushed onto the stack using various CIL operational codes (opcodes) and popped over the stack using others. Notice that the Main() method is adorned with the .entrypoint directive, which as you may guess is how the .NET runtime is able to identify entry point to the executable.

Next, note that the .maxstack directive is used to mark the upper limit of values which may be pushed onto the stack during the duration of this method. Given that our Main() method defines only two local variables and never calls methods with more than two arguments, it should be no surprise the value assigned to .maxstack is 2.

Now, notice the syntax used to invoke a type method (Listing 14).

Listing 14. Invoking Console.Write() and Shamer.ShameChild().

IL_0019:  call void [mscorlib]
 System.Console::Write(string)
...
IL_003b:  call void [shamer]
 ShamerLib.Shamer::ShameChild(string, int32)

As you can see, the call opcode marks the act of invocating a method. However, notice that the friendly name of the assembly is infixed between the return value and method name. Given this, we can boil down a CIL method invocation to the following simple template shown in Listing 15:

Listing 15. The CIL of method invocations.

ReturnType[NameOfAssembly]
 Namespace.Type::MethodName(anyArguments)

Again, don't sweat the details of CIL at this point in the game (in fact, you can live the life of a happy and healthy C# developer without thinking about CIL whatsoever). Simply understand that the ildasm tool allows you to view the raw CIL syntax emitted by a given .NET compiler.

Viewing the Type Metadata

Recall that an assembly is composed of three key elements (CIL, type metadata and manifest information). If you wish to view the type metadata within a given assembly, you must specify the /metadata option (Listing 16).

Listing 16. Listing type metadata with ildasm

ildasm /metadata client.exe

Once you execute this command, you will find that the initial output of ildasm is indeed a listing of type metadata. Simply put, .NET metadata can be lumped into two categories: TypeDefs (types you defined yourself) and TypeRefs (types within an external assembly you referenced). Both of these categories will list in vivid detail the composition of each item (e.g. base class, number of methods, method parameters, etc). For example, Listing 17 shows the metadata for the ShamerClient.TheApp class type defined within client.exe (again, don't sweat the details).

Listing 17. Type metadata for TheApp

// TypeDef #1
// ----------------------------------------------
// TypDefName: ShamerClient.TheApp  (02000002)
// Flags : [Public] [AutoLayout] 
//  [Class] [AnsiClass]  (00100001)
// Extends : 01000001 [TypeRef] System.Object
// Method #1 [ENTRYPOINT]
// ----------------------------------------------
// MethodName: Main (06000001)
// Flags : [Public] [Static] 
//  [HideBySig] [ReuseSlot]  (00000096)
// RVA : 0x00002050
// ImplFlags : [IL] [Managed]  (00000000)
// CallCnvntn: [DEFAULT]
// ReturnType: Void
// 1 Arguments
// Argument #1:  SZArray String
// 1 Parameters
// (1) ParamToken : (08000001) Name : 
//  args flags: [none] (00000000)
// 
// Method #2 
// ----------------------------------------------
// MethodName: .ctor (06000002)
// Flags : [Public] [HideBySig] [ReuseSlot] 
//  [SpecialName] [RTSpecialName] [.ctor]  (00001886)
// RVA : 0x000020a8
// ImplFlags : [IL] [Managed]  (00000000)
// CallCnvntn: [DEFAULT]
// hasThis 
// ReturnType: Void
// No arguments.

Now, you may be wondering what use type metadata serves in the .NET platform. To be honest, just about everything in .NET revolves around metadata in one form or another. Object serialization, XML Web services, .NET remoting, late binding, dynamic type creation and heap allocations all demand full type descriptions. Later in this series, you will learn how to leverage this information programmatically using the friendly object model provided by the System.Reflection namespace (can anyone say custom object browser?)

The MetaInfo Utility

On a metadata-related note, the SSCLI supplies an additional tool (metainfo) which is used exclusively to view type metadata (see /sscli/docs/tools/metainfo.html for full details). For example, if you wish to see the TypeDefs and TypeRefs within shamer.dll (but don't care to see the CIL code or manifest data), you could enter the following command (Listing 18):

Listing 18. Working with the metainfo utility.

metainfo shamer.dll

The Role of the CIL Assembler (ilasm)

Now that you can disassemble a .NET assembly using ildasm and metainfo, it is worth pointing out that the SSCLI ships with a CIL assembler utility named (not surprisingly) ilasm. Although it is not terribly likely, it is entirely possible to build an complete .NET application using raw CIL code and bypass higher level languages such as C#, VB.NET and so forth (remember, as far as the .NET runtime is concerned, it's all CIL). As suggested by Table 3, working with ilasm is quite straightforward.

Options of ilasm     Meaning in Life  

/clock               Tells ilasm to display compilation diagnostics for the current build.  

/dll or /exe         Builds a code library or executable assembly (respectively).   

/output              Specifies the name of the output file.      

Table 3. Some (but not all) options of ilasm.

As a fellow programmer, I'm sure you'd love to build a .NET assembly using CIL and the CIL assembler at least once (just to say you did it). Again, building anything but a trivial CIL source code file would require a solid understanding of the syntax and semantics of the Common Intermediate Language, however if you are up for the task, create a brand new source code file named simpleCILCode.il (by convention, CIL code files take an *.il extension). Within your new file, define the following .NET type (Listing 19):

Listing 19. An example using raw CIL

//  mscorlib.dll is automatically 
// listed in the manifest by ilasm,
// so we don't need to bother specifying
// this external assembly.
// Now defined our assembly. 
// If unspecified, the version
// of an assembly is automatically
// 0.0.0.0.
.assembly SimpleCILCode{}
.module SimpleCILCode.dll
// Our only class type: MyCILExample.MyCILApp
.namespace MyCILExample
{
  .class public auto ansi beforefieldinit MyCILApp
    extends [mscorlib]System.Object 
  {
          // The single method, Speak().
    .method public hidebysig static void 
      Speak() cil managed
    {
      .maxstack 1
      ldstr "Yo!!"
      call void [mscorlib]
        System.Console::WriteLine(string)
      ret
    }         
  }
}

Basically, this CIL code file defines a single namespace (MyCILExample) which contains a single class (MyCILApp) which supports a single method named Speak(). The implementation of Speak() loads a string literal onto the stack (via the ldstr opcode) which is used for the invocation of System.Console.WriteLine(). The ret opcode, obviously, returns from the method. Now, to compile this CIL source code file into a binary *.dll, supply the following command set to ilasm (Listing 20):

Listing 20. Compiling *il files using ilasm

ilasm /output: Simple.dll /dll SimpleCILCode.il

At this point, you can make use of Simple.dll just as you would any other .NET code library. To prove the point, let's update our existing simpleClientApplication.cs file to invoke the Speak() method (Listing 21).

Listing 21. Our updated client application

using System;
using ShamerLib;
// Need this!
using MyCILExample;
namespace ShamerClient
{
  public class TheApp
  {
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
      ...
      MyCILApp.Speak();
    }
  }
}

Now recompile client.exe while referencing simple.dll (Listing 22).

Listing 22. Recompiling client.exe

csc /r:simple.dll /r:shamer.dll /t:exe /out:client.exe simpleClientApplication.cs

Sure enough, if you run simpleClientApplicaion.exe through ildasm, you will find Simple.dll listed in the assembly manifest. Likewise, if you run the updated application, you will find that the message ("Yo!!") is emitted to the Terminal.

Round Trippin' (Assembly to CIL, CIL to Assembly)

Given the functionality of ildasm and ilasm, the SSCLI (as well as other .NET platform distributions) intrinsically supports the notion of a 'round trip'. Simply put, this software idiom is used to describe the process of compiling -> decompiling -> editing -> recompiling a software blob into a new modified unit. As you would guess, this can prove extremely helpful when you need to modify the contents of a .NET assembly to which you do not have the original source code files. To solidify the information presented in this issue, try the following round-trip exercise:

  • Disassemble your client application using ildasm, outputting the CIL to a new file named simpleClientApplication.il (don't forget the /output flag of ildasm).

  • Using your text editor of choice, modify each string literal (e.g. "Please enter child's name") to a new string ("Yo dude! Enter the name of the kid!").

  • Save your changes and recompile the *.il file into a new executable assembly named ModifiedApp.exe using ilasm.

  • Run your ModifiedApp.exe assembly using clix.

A Brief Note Regarding Obfuscation

Now obviously, if a .NET assembly can be so easily disassembled, modified and recompiled, you are no likely already imagining numerous doomsday scenarios (your proprietary 'bubble sort' algorithm has been modified to wipe a user's hard-drive of all data) and copyright infringements ("But that is our CIL code, you can't change it!") Yes it is true, given that a .NET binary can always be viewed in terms of its CIL code using tools such as ildasm, it is possible that prying eyes could take your intellectual property as a basic for their own and build a software monster. This problem is not unique to the .NET platform however, as numerous Java, C(++) and BASIC decompilers have existed for years.

However, if you wish to lessen the chances of bad people using your resulting CIL code for evil purposes, rest assured that numerous .NET obfuscators exist. As you may know, the basic role of an obfuscator is to make use of a set of algorithms translate valid syntax (in this case CIL code) into and out-of total nonsense. As well, the .NET platform supports the notion of a 'strong name' which can be used to digitally sign (in effect) your assemblies using public / private key cryptography. By doing so, it is next to impossible for an evil individual to modify a binary assembly and pretend to 'be you'. More on strong names at a later time.

Wrap Up

Sweet! So here ends another installment of Casting your .NET where you spent your time digging deeper into the format of a .NET assembly. We began by revisiting the key elements of a .NET binary (CIL, metadata and manifest information) and learned about some additional functionality provided by csc. Next up, you came to understand the role of the ildasm utility and learned how this tool allows .NET developers to peek inside the assembly itself to view the underlying goo. Finally, you took ilasm out for a test drive and preformed a simple 'round-trip'.

In the next issue, you will finalize your initial look at the SSCLI and examine a number of interesting sample applications, alternative .NET programming languages and a few additional development utilities. After this point, the next several installments will dive headlong into the details of the C# programming language. Until then, as always, happy hacking.


Andrew Troelsen is a seasoned .NET developer who has authored numerous books on the topic, including the award winning C# and the .NET Platform. He is employed as a full-time .NET trainer and consultant for Intertech Training (www.intertechtraining.com), and is a well-known Timberwolves, Wild and Vikings rube (not necessarily in that order). You can contact Andrew at atroelsen@mac.com.

 

Community Search:
MacTech Search:

Software Updates via MacUpdate

Dropbox 193.4.5594 - Cloud backup and sy...
Dropbox is a file hosting service that provides cloud storage, file synchronization, personal cloud, and client software. It is a modern workspace that allows you to get to all of your files, manage... Read more
Google Chrome 122.0.6261.57 - Modern and...
Google Chrome is a Web browser by Google, created to be a modern platform for Web pages and applications. It utilizes very fast loading of Web pages and has a V8 engine, which is a custom built... Read more
Skype 8.113.0.210 - Voice-over-internet...
Skype is a telecommunications app that provides HD video calls, instant messaging, calling to any phone number or landline, and Skype for Business for productive cooperation on the projects. This... Read more
Tor Browser 13.0.10 - Anonymize Web brow...
Using Tor Browser you can protect yourself against tracking, surveillance, and censorship. Tor was originally designed, implemented, and deployed as a third-generation onion-routing project of the U.... Read more
Deeper 3.0.4 - Enable hidden features in...
Deeper is a personalization utility for macOS which allows you to enable and disable the hidden functions of the Finder, Dock, QuickTime, Safari, iTunes, login window, Spotlight, and many of Apple's... Read more
OnyX 4.5.5 - Maintenance and optimizatio...
OnyX is a multifunction utility that you can use to verify the startup disk and the structure of its system files, to run miscellaneous maintenance and cleaning tasks, to configure parameters in the... Read more
Hopper Disassembler 5.14.1 - Binary disa...
Hopper Disassembler is a binary disassembler, decompiler, and debugger for 32- and 64-bit executables. It will let you disassemble any binary you want, and provide you all the information about its... Read more

Latest Forum Discussions

See All

Zenless Zone Zero opens entries for its...
miHoYo, aka HoYoverse, has become such a big name in mobile gaming that it's hard to believe that arguably their flagship title, Genshin Impact, is only three and a half years old. Now, they continue the road to the next title in their world, with... | Read more »
Live, Playdate, Live! – The TouchArcade...
In this week’s episode of The TouchArcade Show we kick things off by talking about all the games I splurged on during the recent Playdate Catalog one-year anniversary sale, including the new Lucas Pope jam Mars After Midnight. We haven’t played any... | Read more »
TouchArcade Game of the Week: ‘Vroomies’
So here’s a thing: Vroomies from developer Alex Taber aka Unordered Games is the Game of the Week! Except… Vroomies came out an entire month ago. It wasn’t on my radar until this week, which is why I included it in our weekly new games round-up, but... | Read more »
SwitchArcade Round-Up: ‘MLB The Show 24’...
Hello gentle readers, and welcome to the SwitchArcade Round-Up for March 15th, 2024. We’re closing out the week with a bunch of new games, with Sony’s baseball franchise MLB The Show up to bat yet again. There are several other interesting games to... | Read more »
Steam Deck Weekly: WWE 2K24 and Summerho...
Welcome to this week’s edition of the Steam Deck Weekly. The busy season has begun with games we’ve been looking forward to playing including Dragon’s Dogma 2, Horizon Forbidden West Complete Edition, and also console exclusives like Rise of the... | Read more »
Steam Spring Sale 2024 – The 10 Best Ste...
The Steam Spring Sale 2024 began last night, and while it isn’t as big of a deal as say the Steam Winter Sale, you may as well take advantage of it to save money on some games you were planning to buy. I obviously recommend checking out your own... | Read more »
New ‘SaGa Emerald Beyond’ Gameplay Showc...
Last month, Square Enix posted a Let’s Play video featuring SaGa Localization Director Neil Broadley who showcased the worlds, companions, and more from the upcoming and highly-anticipated RPG SaGa Emerald Beyond. | Read more »
Choose Your Side in the Latest ‘Marvel S...
Last month, Marvel Snap (Free) held its very first “imbalance" event in honor of Valentine’s Day. For a limited time, certain well-known couples were given special boosts when conditions were right. It must have gone over well, because we’ve got a... | Read more »
Warframe welcomes the arrival of a new s...
As a Warframe player one of the best things about it launching on iOS, despite it being arguably the best way to play the game if you have a controller, is that I can now be paid to talk about it. To whit, we are gearing up to receive the first... | Read more »
Apple Arcade Weekly Round-Up: Updates an...
Following the new releases earlier in the month and April 2024’s games being revealed by Apple, this week has seen some notable game updates and events go live for Apple Arcade. What The Golf? has an April Fool’s Day celebration event going live “... | Read more »

Price Scanner via MacPrices.net

Apple Education is offering $100 discounts on...
If you’re a student, teacher, or staff member at any educational institution, you can use your .edu email address when ordering at Apple Education to take $100 off the price of a new M3 MacBook Air.... Read more
Apple Watch Ultra 2 with Blood Oxygen feature...
Best Buy is offering Apple Watch Ultra 2 models for $50 off MSRP on their online store this week. Sale prices available for online orders only, in-store prices may vary. Order online, and choose... Read more
New promo at Sams Club: Apple HomePods for $2...
Sams Club has Apple HomePods on sale for $259 through March 31, 2024. Their price is $40 off Apple’s MSRP, and both Space Gray and White colors are available. Sale price is for online orders only, in... Read more
Get Apple’s 2nd generation Apple Pencil for $...
Apple’s Pencil (2nd generation) works with the 12″ iPad Pro (3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th generation), 11″ iPad Pro (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation), iPad Air (4th and 5th generation), and iPad mini (... Read more
10th generation Apple iPads on sale for $100...
Best Buy has Apple’s 10th-generation WiFi iPads back on sale for $100 off MSRP on their online store, starting at only $349. With the discount, Best Buy’s prices are the lowest currently available... Read more
iPad Airs on sale again starting at $449 on B...
Best Buy has 10.9″ M1 WiFi iPad Airs on record-low sale prices again for $150 off Apple’s MSRP, starting at $449. Sale prices for online orders only, in-store price may vary. Order online, and choose... Read more
Best Buy is blowing out clearance 13-inch M1...
Best Buy is blowing out clearance Apple 13″ M1 MacBook Airs this weekend for only $649.99, or $350 off Apple’s original MSRP. Sale prices for online orders only, in-store prices may vary. Order... Read more
Low price alert! You can now get a 13-inch M1...
Walmart has, for the first time, begun offering new Apple MacBooks for sale on their online store, albeit clearance previous-generation models. They now have the 13″ M1 MacBook Air (8GB RAM, 256GB... Read more
Best Apple MacBook deal this weekend: Get the...
Apple has 13″ M2 MacBook Airs available for only $849 today in their Certified Refurbished store. These are the cheapest M2-powered MacBooks for sale at Apple. Apple’s one-year warranty is included,... Read more
New 15-inch M3 MacBook Air (Midnight) on sale...
Amazon has the new 15″ M3 MacBook Air (8GB RAM/256GB SSD/Midnight) in stock and on sale today for $1249.99 including free shipping. Their price is $50 off MSRP, and it’s the lowest price currently... Read more

Jobs Board

Early Preschool Teacher - Glenda Drive/ *Appl...
Early Preschool Teacher - Glenda Drive/ Apple ValleyTeacher Share by Email Share on LinkedIn Share on Twitter Read more
Senior Software Engineer - *Apple* Fundamen...
…center of Microsoft's efforts to empower our users to do more. The Apple Fundamentals team focused on defining and improving the end-to-end developer experience in Read more
Relationship Banker *Apple* Valley Main - W...
…Alcohol Policy to learn more. **Company:** WELLS FARGO BANK **Req Number:** R-350696 **Updated:** Mon Mar 11 00:00:00 UTC 2024 **Location:** APPLE VALLEY,California Read more
Medical Assistant - Surgical Oncology- *Apple...
Medical Assistant - Surgical Oncology- Apple Hill WellSpan Medical Group, York, PA | Nursing | Nursing Support | FTE: 1 | Regular | Tracking Code: 200555 Apply Now Read more
Early Preschool Teacher - Glenda Drive/ *Appl...
Early Preschool Teacher - Glenda Drive/ Apple ValleyTeacher Share by Email Share on LinkedIn Share on Twitter Read more
All contents are Copyright 1984-2011 by Xplain Corporation. All rights reserved. Theme designed by Icreon.