Volume Number: 23 (2007)
Issue Number: 05
Column Tag: Mac in the Shell
By Edward Marczak
Documentation. The ugly reality is that it's usually an afterthought for a project, if completed at all. We like to code, we like to connect systems, but rarely do we like to document the work. man ("manual") pages, the built-in documentation system, have thousands of entries for shell utilities. Depending on the author, these entries range from well-written, humorous and pleasurable reading, down to sparse, terse and frustrating. Sometimes, the simple act of giving usage examples would make all the difference in usefulness and clarity. While I can't cover every shell utility here, I would like to point out some that you should know about, but that may not have the best documentation or just lack examples.
Just as the name implies, networksetup is a utility to configure the network interfaces on a Mac OS X machine. There's no man page for this one at all. By default, it's not even in your path. Currently, under OS 10.4 ("Tiger"), you'll find networksetup located at: /System/Library/CoreServices/RemoteManagement/ARDAgent.app/Contents/Support/networksetup (whew!). There is, though, a usage statement printed if you run the command but lists no options and provides no examples.
Since OS X uses configd to inform the system of its current configuration state, the old-school utilities, such as ifconfig don't really work too well. Oh, yes, they can read the current state of the network, but setting it is another matter. This will work for a little bit, at least until configd receives a change event and reconfigures things for you.
networksetup uses terminology that is closer to the OS X GUI than traditional devices, too. First thing you typically need to figure out are the names of the network services being offered -- a.k.a. the interface names:
# networksetup -listallnetworkservices An asterisk (*) denotes that a network service is disabled. Bluetooth Built-in Ethernet Built-in FireWire AirPort Parallels Host-Guest Parallels NAT VPN (L2TP)
(You do, by the way, need admin level privileges to run this utility). You'll note that these names correspond to the names in the Network System Pane:
Figure 1 -- Interface names
If you rename the interface in the Network Pane, networksetup will see it that way, too. A possibly more useful list, if you're on a machine that you're not familiar with yet, is gained from the -listnetworkservice order switch. It shows both the interface name and the order that OS X uses it:
# networksetup -listnetworkserviceorder An asterisk (*) denotes that a network service is disabled. (1) Bluetooth (Hardware Port: Bluetooth, Device: Bluetooth-Modem) (2) Built-in Ethernet (Hardware Port: Built-in Ethernet, Device: en0) (3) Built-in FireWire (Hardware Port: Built-in FireWire, Device: fw0) (4) AirPort (Hardware Port: AirPort, Device: en1) (5) Parallels Host-Guest (Hardware Port: Parallels Host-Guest, Device: en2) (6) Parallels NAT (Hardware Port: Parallels NAT, Device: en3) (7) VPN (L2TP) (Hardware Port: Windows L2TP, Device: )
This list is a great reminder that routes may be overridden by the order of interfaces.
Well, how about setting up the device? There are switches that act like each of the settings in the GUI:
Figure 2 -- How d'ya like your interface?
Probably of most interest is "-setmanual". To configure the built-in Ethernet interface to have an IPv4 address of 192.168.50.77, with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 and a default gateway of 192.168.50.1, you'd use this:
networksetup -setmanual "Built-in Ethernet" 192.168.50.77 255.255.255.0 192.168.50.1
One nice trick that doesn't seem apparent from the usage help, but has worked for me (up through 10.4.9), is that the router is optional. This is critically important when you're configuring an interface that will be active along with another.
The second option in our list is "-setmanualwithdhcprouter". This is just like "-setmanual", without being able to specify the subnet or router:
networksetup -setmanual "Built-in Ethernet" 192.168.50.77
Setting an interface to use DHCP is simple:
networksetup --setdhcp "AirPort"
You can also supply a client id after the interface name, if necessary. You can also clear the current client id by using "Empty" as the client ID name.
Similar to "-setdhcp" is "-setbootp". The command is the same as "-setdhcp", however, bootp doesn't support a client id, so, nor does this command.
Finally, "-setnetworkserviceenabled" roughly corresponds to "Off". This can turn the service "off" or "on":
networksetup -setnetworkserviceenabled "Bluetooth" off
If you run this while the Network Pane is open in the GUI, the GUI will alert you with, "Your network settings have been changed by another application" -- just something to be aware of. It then places an asterisk next to the name of the interface when using "-listallnetworkservices" and "-listnetworkserviceorder".
Finally, there are some very useful Airport specific commands. Different than enabling or disabling the interface, you can also turn power to the Airport off completely:
networksetup -setairportpower off
Of course, you can turn it back on with the same switch and a parameter of "on". You can also check the current state with "-getairportpower".
Of greater use, though, is the ability to programmatically set which network to connect to, using "-setairportnetwork":
networksetup -setairportnetwork "BigNet" SekurePa$$wd
Here too, you can find out the current state with a 'get' variant:
networksetup -getairportnetwork Current AirPort Network: SuperAirNet
The networksetup command is very powerful and very thorough! In addition to the options I covered here, you can do anything that you can do in the GUI: create VLANs, turn AppleTalk on or off, set proxy configuration and more. It's a good command to be familiar with for scripting, remote setup and just to do things the "OS X way!"
"scp" is the secure copy program. It's part of the ssh suite, which means that any remote machine you can connect to via ssh, you can also copy programs to and from. While there is a man page for this one, it doesn't have example usage. Also, I find that not enough people know about or use it -- even those who use ssh on a regular basis. scp is simple, really. To copy a local file to a remote machine, use this:
scp local_file my_id@server.example.com:/path/to/file/filename
You'll be asked for a password from the remote machine. Then, given permission on the remote, you'll see a progress meter that shows the file in transit. In my example, "my_id" is the id you use on the remote machine. (For those of you that may want to date yourself, unlike ssh, scp does not accept the "-l" (ell) switch to pass in your credentials -- a switch that ssh supplies to make the transition from telnet easier!).
The colon character (":") separates the hostname from the path. This can be a relative path, too. The starting location is the remote id's home directory. Also, like ssh, if unspecified, your current id is supplied. So, if I wanted to copy a file to my home directory on my test box, I could simplify the command down to this:
scp local_file lycaeum.radiotope.com:
Do note the trailing colon character. Without it, you'll just make a local copy of the file -- in this case, named "lycaeum.radiotope.com".
To copy from a remote machine, just reverse the order of the files, putting remote information first. To copy "filename" from the remote to your machine as "local_file", try this:
scp my_id@remote.example.com:/path/to/file/filename local_file
Again, to use the same name as the remote, simply omit it on the local side:
scp lycaeum.radiotope.com:program-4.7.6.tar.gz ./
If you're thinking of using this in an unattended script, you'll need to authenticate via keys so that you're not prompted for a password. While there are plenty of examples on the web of how to do this, for the sake of completeness, here is the short version:
Open up a shell on the local computer, and log into the correct local account.
Generate a public-private keypair by typing "ssh-keygen -t rsa". Leave the passphrase empty. This creates the files "id_rsa" and "id_rsa.pub" in the .ssh directory in this account's home directory.
Copy only id_rsa.pub to the remote machine using scp.
Login to the remote machine, and add the contents of id_rsa.pub to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys. You can use redirection to do this, as the authorized_keys file may already exist: cat id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
Logout of the remote machine, and test the setup using ssh. Try to ssh back into the remote machine. This time, you should not be prompted for a password.
Using keys in this manner, you'll be able to setup scp copies in an unattended script.
You may use ssh every day. You may use some of its more advanced features. But it is impossible to Know ssh. For every feature that you use, there seems to be another that you didn't know even existed. Did you know that ssh accepts input on standard in (stdin) and will simply shove it through the tunnel, popping it out on the other side?
What does that mean to us? Well, you can just gather up your data and pipe it to ssh:
tar czf - /path/to/file | ssh
Of course, we need to do something with it once it gets to the other side. How about expanding it somewhere? Let's imagine that we wanted to tar up the local /www directory and get it to a remote machine with its hierarchy intact:
tar czf - /www | ssh "cd /; tar xzfvp -"
Now, tar is a very nice solution -- most of the time. It's had a bit of an on-again off-again brokenness to it under OS X regarding resource fork copying. As I write this article, using OS X 10.4.9 Intel, tar works very nicely for copying resource forks. One other huge advantage to tar is that it preserves dates on copy. But, in fact, ditto will do this too, along with preserving all of the other OS X-specific data that it normally does. A simple example is a webloc file, which typically is resource-fork only (text clippings are also resource fork only). Fire up Safari, load a page and then drag the icon from the location bar to your desktop. Now you have a resource fork only file to work with:
$ cd Desktop $ ls -l Weather\ Map.webloc -rw-r--r-- 1 marczak marczak 0 Apr 15 08:33 Weather Map.webloc $ ls -l Weather\ Map.webloc/..namedfork/rsrc -rw-r--r-- 1 marczak marczak 837 Apr 15 08:33 Weather Map.webloc/..namedfork/rsrc
Let's move this file to a remote machine using ditto. Again, I'm going to copy to my test server (lycaeum) and rely on the fact that by default, ssh plops me into my home directory. If you want to write the data elsewhere, replace the "./" path with one that suits you (and you have permission for). Here it is:
ditto -c Weather\ Map.webloc - | ssh lycaeum.radiotope.com ditto -x - ./
Log into the remote server and check out the date, time and other file attributes -- they'll all stay intact (however, not ACLs, as expected).
I'll leave you with two commands that can display information about the software and hardware on a given machine: sw_vers and system_profiler. Not that these are complex or need a lot of explanation, but just to know that they exist. If I could count all of the times I see a question about getting system information on a tech mailing list, I probably wouldn't be writing this!
sw_vers is the simpler of the two. With no options, it dumps out the product name, version and the build number:
$ sw_vers ProductName: Mac OS X Server ProductVersion: 10.4.9 BuildVersion: 8P135
You can pass in switches to limit the amount of information returned:
$ sw_vers -buildVersion 8P135
Filtering the information is certainly useful if you need this information in a script.
system_profiler is the shell equivalent of the GUI System Profiler.app. Like sw_vers, just used on its own, it gives you a good deal of info. Try it! (There's way too much output to print here). You can parse through this data on your own. If you're only looking for a specific bit of info, you can pass in filters that do just this:
$ system_profiler SPMemoryDataType
Memory:
BANK 0/DIMM0:
Size: 2 GB
Type: DDR2 SDRAM
Speed: 667 MHz
Status: OK
BANK 1/DIMM1:
Size: 1 GB
Type: DDR2 SDRAM
Speed: 667 MHz
Status: OK
You can get a list of data types with the "-listdatatypes" switch. If you want more than one type at once, go ahead and pass in those types:
system_profiler SPDisplaysDataType SPAirPortDataType SPPowerDataType
sw_vers and system_profiler are both great commands when accessing a remote machine that you may not be familiar with -- especially when someone is sitting at the console and you don't want to ask them for the information!
I regularly use the commands and techniques presented here. While the information is typically in the man page, useful examples don't always accompany that information. Sometimes, you just need to experiment with a command -- on a test system, of course -- until you have it figured out. Sometimes there are alternatives to man. Many GNU utilities have an info page that's different than the man page, if one even exists. Try "info emacs", for example. Press 'q' to get out of info's display. Of course, MacTech and publications like it (are there any?) present good alternatives to man pages as well. I hope this article was a good step in that direction for anyone reading it.
Media of the month: well, it's not going to be a Leopard title, as we're going to see a little delay there! However, there's plenty to be read before then. Don't get all stressed out about it. Instead, find some entertaining reading, like the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy. OK, not necessarily short reading, but I'm always surprised by how many people have not read these books. The movies were fine, but the books capture something different.
Until next month, enjoy!
Ed Marczak owns Radiotope, a technology consulting company that brings enterprise solutions to small and medium sized businesses. He is also the Executive Editor for MacTech magazine. Outside of technology, Ed likes to spend time with his family, and to practice counting.
