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Volume Number: 13
Issue Number: 12
Column Tag: Develop

LaserWriter 8.5.1 Additional CopyBits Support: Transparent and Clipped Images

by David Gelphman, RBI Software Systems Inc. and Ingrid Kelly, Apple Computer Inc.

QuickDraw provides several APIs for copying bitmaps from one graphics port into another, the most flexible of which is CopyBits(). Most developers use CopyBits() because it can move offscreen images into an onscreen window, change colors in the pixmap, and resize images. This is a useful API, however, unfortunately, LaserWriter 8.4.x and earlier PostScript printer drivers from Apple have not supported all of the capabilities of the CopyBits() call to draw images. This TechNote describes where Apple has enhanced its handling of the CopyBits() call in LaserWriter 8.5.1 so that developers and users may take advantage of the improvements.

The prototype for CopyBits() is:

void CopyBits(const BitMap *srcBits, const BitMap *dstBits, 
const Rect *srcRect, const Rect *dstRect, short mode, RgnHandle 
maskRgn);

In the mode parameter, many developers have tried to use the transparent transfer mode to achieve transparency; the LaserWriter driver, however, never supported this mode but instead treated it as a srcCopy mode. The LaserWriter driver also has not supported clips in the maskRgn parameter. This has all changed with the LaserWriter 8.5.1 release.

Transparent Mode

One transfer mode previously unsupported by the LaserWriter driver is the transparent transfer mode. This mode allows drawing of images other than 1-bit deep so that any sample in the source which is the transparent color (defined as the QuickDraw background color) will not be painted to the destination. The advantage of this mode is that it lets a deep (<> 1-bit) image have holes in it by coloring the holes in the image with the transparent color. Whereas previously the LaserWriter driver would paint these images as if the transfer mode were srcCopy, LaserWriter 8.5.1's new imaging code now handles the transparent mode.

maskRgn Clipping

Another previously unsupported feature of CopyBits() was the ability to pass in a mask (via the maskRgn field) to clip out portions of the destination image. Previous LaserWriter drivers completely ignored the maskRgn passed to CopyBits(). The new imaging code in LaserWriter 8.5.1 now supports the supplied maskRgn.

Note: While the LaserWriter 8.5.1 driver now handles a supplied maskRgn to a CopyBits call, we do not do any special handling of the clip provided in the grafPort. GrafPort clipping is still handled by clipping only to the bounding rectangle of the port's clipRgn, both for CopyBits calls as well as line art and text drawing. Apple considered more generalized support for the port clipRgn but has rejected it to date mainly due to compatibility concerns.

There are some known limitations with the added CopyBits() support that you should be aware of. They are:

• Extremely complex clipping regions may occasionally fail on Level 1 or Level 2 devices in low printer memory conditions. The result is that the output will not preserve the clip, and the image will print as if the maskRgn parameter is ignored.

  Specifically, for PostScript Level 1 printers, there is a hard coded limit to how complex a clip can be, regardless of the printer's installed memory. If the clip is more complex than this limit, the LaserWriter driver ignores the maskRgn parameter. For Level 2 printers, the limits are completely memory-based and generally much more flexible. However, once again, in low-memory conditions, the clip may still fail. On PostScript Level 3 printers, all clips should always print correctly regardless of the complexity of the clip since the driver uses the PostScript Level 3 masked image to support this feature.

• Since the LaserWriter driver implements the transparent mode via clipping, complex transparent regions may occasionally fail on Level 1 or Level 2 devices in low-memory conditions as described above. The result is that the output does not preserve the transparency, and the pixels image with the background color instead.
• For 2, 4, and 8-bit images with a color look-up table (CLUT), the LaserWriter 8.5.1 driver only supports one index which maps to the background color. Although the CLUT may contain many index values which have the background color and are therefore, in principle, transparent when displayed onscreen, the driver searches the look-up table for the first index which corresponds to the background color. Index samples with that index value are printed as transparent. Other index values which correspond to the background color are not treated as transparent but are printed as the background color.
• In order to maintain compatibility with many applications, the LaserWriter 8.5.1 driver will ignore a maskRgn which is an empty region under some circumstances (e.g. some rotated text and graphics). Some applications have used the fact that previous drivers always ignored the maskRgn parameter to clip out certain data when printing to QuickDraw printers. Relying on this 'feature' is not recommended, and the fact that there are some edge cases where a zero clip is ignored for compatibility reasons may be a temporary 'feature' of the driver. To avoid accidentally encountering these cases, when you really want a zero clip, either do not draw the image (preferred) or use grafPort clipping to clip it.

New imaging code in the LaserWriter has opened up some new functionality for the QuickDraw CopyBits() call. We encourage you to try LaserWriter 8.5.1 with your application and any PostScript device.

• Inside Macintosh: Imaging With QuickDraw, Chapter 3 and Appendix B.
• Apple's TechNote web site http://devworld.apple.com/dev/technotes.shtml
• PostScript Level 3 documentation from Adobe Systems Incorporated.

Thanks to John Blanchard, Tim Carroll and Paul Danbold.

David Gelphman seems to specialize in backwards reading programming languages. From programming in FORTH at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, he moved into PostScript at Adobe Systems and then to Telescript at General Magic. He does do most other things in a more or less forward direction, although he has been known to fall off a horse backwards. David, together with his colleague Richard Blanchard, co-designed Apple's LaserWriter 8 PostScript printer driver while working at Adobe Systems. After a stint at General Magic, David now works at RBI Software Systems (http://www.rbi.com) as a contractor to Apple and Adobe on their PostScript printer drivers. He does other contracting work as well, primarily in the area of PostScript printing.

Ingrid Kelly always dreamed of working for Apple Computer while she was growing up in Silicon Valley. What she did not realize back then was that all of her experience printing out school papers on an ImageWriter would turn into a job supporting printing and printer drivers for Apple's Developer Technical Support (DTS) group. After a few years in DTS, Ingrid has now learned to appreciate the black magic involved in printing.